Physiological processes associated with salinity tolerance in an alfalfa half‐sib family

We previously reported an alfalfa half‐sib family, HS‐B, with improved salt tolerance, compared to parental plants, P‐B. In this study, we conducted additional experiments to address potential physiological mechanisms that may contribute to salt tolerance in HS‐B. Vegetatively propagated HS‐B and P‐B plants were treated with a nutrient solution (control) or a nutrient solution containing NaCl (EC = 12 dS/m). Shoots and roots were harvested at various time points after treatment for quantification of proline, soluble sugar, and H₂O₂ using spectrophotometers. Subcellular localization and quantification of Na in roots were conducted using a Na⁺‐specific dye under a confocal microscope. HS‐B produced 86 and 89% greater shoot and root dry biomass, respectively, compared to parental plants, P‐B, under salinity in the greenhouse. Under saline conditions the HS‐B shoots accumulated 115% and roots 55% more soluble sugars than P‐B counterparts. The non‐saline HS‐B shoots, however, showed 72% less soluble sugars than the non‐saline P‐B plants. Under saline conditions HS‐B accumulated 39% less proline in shoots, while roots accumulated 56% more proline, compared to their P‐B parents. HS‐B plants also showed a greater reduction of stomatal conductance under mild saline stress. HS‐B shoots and roots contained 3–4 times less reactive oxygen species (H₂O₂) after salt treatment compared to P‐B plants. Sodium localization and distribution analysis using Na⁺‐specific dye revealed HS‐B plants accumulated 88% and 48% less Na⁺ in stele and xylem vessels compared to P‐B. The study provides insights into the potential mechanisms that may contribute to salt tolerance in HS‐B: maintaining RWC by accumulating soluble sugars while reducing transpiration, maintaining healthy status by reducing oxidative stresses, and preventing salt toxicity by reducing accumulation of Na⁺ inside root cells and xylem.     

Old and New Cultivars of Soya Bean (Glycine max L.) Subjected to Soil Drying Differ in Abscisic Acid Accumulation,Water Relations Characteristics and Yield

Two old (Huangsedadou and Longxixiaohuangpi (LX)) and two new (Jindou 19 (JD) and Zhonghuang 30 (ZH)) soya bean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars were used to investigate the influence of soil drying on the abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation in leaves, stomatal conductance (g_s), leaf water relations, osmotic adjustment (OA), leaf desiccation tolerance, yield and yield components. The greater ABA accumulation was induced by soil drying, which also inducing g_s decreased at higher soil water contents (SWC) and leaf relative water content (RWC) significantly decreased at lower SWC in the new soya bean cultivars than in the old soya bean cultivars. The soil water threshold between the value at which stomata began to close and the RWC began to decrease was significantly broader in the new cultivars than in the old cultivars. The new cultivars had significantly higher OA and lower lethal leaf water potential than old cultivars when the soil dried. The old cultivars had greater biomass, but lower grain yield than the new cultivars in well‐watered, moderate stress and severe stress conditions. Thus with soil drying, the new soya bean cultivars demonstrated greater adaptation to drought by inducing greater ABA accumulation, stomatal closure at higher SWC, enhanced OA and better water relations, associated with increased leaf desiccation tolerance, greater water use efficiency and higher yield.     

3种含氯消毒剂对柑橘黄龙病菌室内防治效果研究

柑橘黄龙病是柑橘生产上最具毁灭性的病害，目前没有防治特效药也没有较好的抗性品种。本文以含氯消毒剂作为柑橘黄龙病菌防治的候选药剂开展药剂筛选试验。将染病接穗分别浸泡3种含氯消毒剂再嫁接到健康枳壳砧木上，利用定量PCR技术定量分析药剂处理前后黄龙病菌含量的变化，建立柑橘黄龙病菌药剂防治效果评价体系。试验结果表明，漂白粉（CH）不适合利用嫁接技术进行候选药剂筛选；二氯异氰尿酸钠（NaDCC）和三氯泡腾消毒片（TCCA）的抑菌效果随处理浓度的降低而减弱，在有效氯含量为5000mg/L时，病菌减退率最高，分别为99.1%和99.5%，相对防效最佳，分别达到了97.9%和98.8%，与对照药剂盐酸四环素(TET)的抑制效果相当，说明NaDCC和TCCA可以作为柑橘黄龙病化学防治的候选药剂。     

2013年夏季内蒙古干旱-半干旱区两次极端降水事件对比

2013年夏季,内蒙古中西部干旱-半干旱区多次出现极端降水事件,引发气象灾害.为探寻其特征及成因,选择“6·30”、“7·14”两次典型极端降水事件,从天气尺度系统、中尺度对流系统、热力动力条件、水汽来源等方面进行对比分析,得到以下结论:①“6 · 30”暴雨是华北小高压前的切变线产生;“7·14”暴雨是“北槽南涡”与台风北上共同作用的结果.②两次暴雨都是中尺度对流复合体(MCS)发展的结果.“6·30”暴雨突发性强,具有局地特点;“7·14”暴雨具有列车效应,持续时间长.③两次暴雨水汽来源不同.“6·30”暴雨水汽来源于南海;“7.14”暴雨是“北槽南涡”加上远距离台风输送的结果.④“6·30”暴雨是高压切变线西侧干、东侧湿,在锋区附近产生上升运动促发不稳定能量释放;高空“干侵入”是“7·14”暴雨的促发机制.⑤东亚夏季风偏强,西北太平洋副热带高压脊线位置偏北,是内蒙古中西部干旱-半干旱区极端降水事件的重要原因.     

温湿度对烤烟醇化过程中各化学成分的影响

从测定与烤烟醇化相关的指标物质入手,研究醇化库的温、湿度等条件对片烟醇化的影响。高温低湿(35℃70%)条件下既能保证烟叶含水量的安全,同时也促进了烟叶中物质的转化过程,加快了醇化进程,是本研究条件下最佳的醇化条件。     

Morphological and Physiological Responses of Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) and Chicory (Cichorium intybus) to Water Stress and Defoliation Frequency

Plants are often subjected to periods of water stress. There are little data examining the effect of water stress on the forage species Plantago lanceolata and Cichorium intybus. In two pot experiments with P. lanceolata and C. intybus, morphological responses under optimum, dry, and very‐dry water treatments with weekly, fortnightly and 3‐weekly defoliation intervals and physiological responses under optimum and very‐dry water treatments were measured. A third experiment compared the rooting depths of P. lanceolata and C. intybus under field conditions. These findings suggest that both P. lanceolata and C. intybus can survive and continue to grow under water stress conditions with the main differences between the two species being attributable to morphological characteristics (root mass, taproot diameter and shoot mass fraction) rather than differences at a physiological level. Overall, the results suggest plantain may be more productive under moderate drought due to its greater shoot mass fraction, whereas chicory may be more productive and persistent under severe drought due to its greater root mass, taproot diameter and root depth under field conditions.     

Relationship between relative water content during reproductive development and winter wheat grain yield

Summary Water is often the most limiting factor to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the southern Great Plains of the U.S.A., yet the lack of reliable screening criteria has precluded direct selection for drought resistance in breeding programs. Previous work showed that leaf relative water content (RWC) was highly heritable when measured under field-drought conditions, but its adoption as a screening tool for yield improvement requires further investigation of the genetic relationship between grain yield and RWC. Plants representing high and low yield potential under drought stress, and a random group of plants, were selected from an F₂ population having the pedigree, TAM W-101/Sturdy. Two sets of entries, each comprised of the two parents and 24 F₂-derived lines, were evaluated under a rainshelter in the F₃ (1986) and F₄ (1987) generations to determine differences in leaf RWC during reproductive development. One set of entries did not receive any water after the jointing stage, and the other set was grown under well-watered conditions. A positive relationship was observed between grain yield and RWC measured during anthesis and mid-grain fill, as the high-yield selections maintained a significantly higher RWC than the low-yield selections. Grain yield and RWC were also positively associated among random selections segregating for both traits. Subsequent adjustment of genotype means for differences in reproductive development at time of sampling underscored the need to consider differences in maturity when RWC is the selection criterion.     

蒙古马突触融合蛋白17(STX17)基因多态性及在不同毛色皮肤组织中的表达分析

为研究突触融合蛋白17(STX17)基因与蒙古马毛色之间的相关性及其作用机制.本研究利用半巢式PCR技术及实时荧光定量PCR技术对蒙古马STX17基因第6内含子的多态性以及不同毛色蒙古马皮肤组织中STX17基因的相对表达量进行了检测.巢式PCR结果显示:STX17基因在青毛蒙古马第6内含子处存在4.6 kb的重复片段,在其它毛色中不存在该重复片段;荧光定量PCR结果显示:STX17基因在蒙古马青毛皮肤组织中表达量最高,在骝毛皮肤组织中的表达量最低.结果证明蒙古马STX17基因与其青毛表型具有典型的相关性.     

东南景天茎插和叶插繁殖研究

研究了人工气候箱里东南景天在不同植物激素(NAA 1 000 mg/L、IBA 500 mg/L)和不同空气湿度(60％、80％)组合下茎插繁殖和在不同基质的叶插繁殖.结果表明:光照强度80％和温度20～25℃下东南景天叶插插穗在蛭石∶珍珠岩=1∶1基质上生根最快、根长最长、根量最多、成活率最高,且都显著优于其它基质(p＜0.05,下同);东南景天茎插在60％空气湿度下显著优于湿度80％的、插穗用IBA处理比用NAA处理要好;60％空气湿度下经IBA 500 mg/L处理过的东南景天茎插插穗的生根最快,成活率、累计发芽率、根量评分最高,发芽略慢,最长根长略短,但植株整体生长状态最好,且都明显优于其它处理,是进行茎插繁殖的最佳处理组合.该研究为东南景天的快速繁殖、资源保护以及重金属污染土壤修复应用提供技术保障.     

不同类型园林植物对环境因子的影响

通过在晴天和阴天2组对比试验,研究了木槿、栾树与杨树3种不同植物群落对环境中空气温度、空气湿度、光照强度、地温4个因子的影响作用.结果表明:在阴天类型中,3种植物群落均能有效地降低气温、地温与光照强度,从而提高空气湿度,且调节效果为:杨树＞栾树＞木槿;在晴天类型中,栾树与杨树群落的调节效果与阴天相似,其中杨树的调节效果大于栾树.此外,每种植物群落在晴天时对环境因子的调节效果大于阴天时的调节效果.